Sleep apnea is a condition in which a person experiences interruption of normal breathing during sleep. It can be caused by either the nervous system failing to tell muscles to breathe, by something blocking airflow, or both.
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Sleep apnea is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition. It's far more common than thought. It happens in all age groups and both genders, but it's more common in men. Over 20 million Americans have sleep apnea.
Sleep apnea is a breathing disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. There are 3 types of sleep apnea:
Obstructive sleep apnea happens when air can’t flow into or out of the nose or mouth although efforts to breathe continue.
Central sleep apnea happens when the brain fails to send the right signals to the muscles to start breathing. Central sleep apnea is less common than obstructive sleep apnea.
Complex sleep apnea. This is a mix of symptoms found in both central and obstructive sleep apnea.
Sleep apnea causes involuntary breathing pauses or "apneic events" during a single night's sleep. There may be as many as 20 to 30 or more events per hour. Between events you may snore. But, not everyone who snores has sleep apnea. Sleep apnea may also make you feel like you are choking. The frequent interruptions of deep, restorative sleep often lead to early morning headaches and excessive daytime sleepiness.
During the apneic event, you can’t breathe in oxygen or exhale carbon dioxide. This results in low levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. This alerts the brain to resume breathing and cause an arousal. With each arousal, a signal is sent from the brain to the upper airway muscles to open the airway. Breathing is resumed, often with a loud snort or gasp. Frequent arousals, although necessary for breathing to restart, prevent restorative, deep sleep.
Early recognition and treatment of sleep apnea is important, as it may be associated with:
Irregular heartbeat.
High blood pressure.
Heart attack.
Stroke.
Daytime sleepiness.
Increased risk of motor vehicle accidents.
Certain mechanical and structural problems in the airway cause the interruptions in breathing during sleep. Apnea happens:
When the throat muscles and tongue relax during sleep and partially block the opening of the airway.
When the muscles of the soft palate at the base of the tongue and the uvula relax and sag, the airway becomes blocked, making breathing labored and noisy and even stopping it altogether.
In overweight people when an excess amount of tissue in the airway causes it to be narrowed.
With a narrowed airway, the person continues his or her efforts to breathe, but air can’t easily flow into or out of the nose or mouth.
Sleep apnea seems to run in some families, suggesting a possible genetic basis. People most likely to have or develop sleep apnea include those who:
Snore loudly.
Are overweight.
Have high blood pressure.
Have some physical abnormality in the nose, throat, or other parts of the upper airway.
Use of alcohol and sleeping pills increases the frequency and duration of breathing pauses in people with sleep apnea.
In either form of sleep apnea, your breathing pauses a number of times during sleep. These are called apneic events. There may be as many as 20 to 30 or more events per hour. Between events, you may snore. But, not everyone who snores has sleep apnea. Sleep apnea may also cause a choking sensation. When breathing restarts, you may snort or gasp. These frequent breaks in deep, restorative sleep often lead to headaches and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Other symptoms include dry mouth or sore throat and problems paying attention.
A primary healthcare provider, pulmonologist, neurologist, or other healthcare provider with specialty training in sleep disorders may make a diagnosis and start treatment. Several tests are used to evaluate sleep apnea, including:
Polysomnography. This test is done in a sleep lab. It records a variety of body functions during sleep. This includes the electrical activity of the brain, eye movement, muscle activity, heart rate, respiratory effort, air flow, and blood oxygen levels.
Treatment will depend on your symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.
Medicine generally doesn’t work to treat sleep apnea. Treatment may include:
Oxygen. Giving oxygen may safely help some people, but doesn't end sleep apnea or prevent daytime sleepiness. Its role in the treatment of sleep apnea is controversial.
Behavioral changes are an important part of treatment. In mild cases of sleep apnea, behavioral therapy may be all that is needed. You may be advised to:
Not use alcohol or tobacco.
Not use sleeping pills.
Lose weight if overweight. Even a 10% weight loss can reduce the number of sleep apnea events for most people.
Use pillows and other devices to help sleep in a side position.
Physical or mechanical therapy. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a device used nightly. For this treatment, you wear a mask over the nose or mouth and nose during sleep. Pressure from an air blower forces air through the nose and throat.
Dental appliances. These can reposition the lower jaw and the tongue have been helpful to some people with mild sleep apnea, or who snore but don't have apnea.
Orofacial therapy. This can help by improving the tongue positioning and strengthen mouth and facial muscles.
Surgery. Some people with sleep apnea may need surgery. Examples of these procedures include:
Surgery to remove adenoids and tonsils, nasal polyps, or other growths or tissue in the airway, or to correct structural deformities.
Surgery to remove excess tissue at the back of the throat (tonsils, uvula, and part of the soft palate).
Surgery to reconstruct deformities of the upper jaw (maxilla) and lower jaw (mandible).
Surgery to treat obesity.
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